Some icon ideas... (textual, but meant for graphical implementation)
Market Economics -> solid lines squared crosshatched grid over black background with up/down/up/arrow-tipped line overtop
Planned Economics -> communist hammer and sickle over crosshatched grid like in market, possibly with arrows pointing horizontally out form the hammer/sickle
Externality Integration -> blurred background ∫ symbol, central solid outline circle with black middle (transpartent to see the background symbol), various symbols around outside with arrows going from them across the circle into the middle black area
Economic Spectroscopy -> multiple sine waves of differing frequencies and amplitudes.
http://home.cogeco.ca/~toppingwebspace4/FO/spectro.png
Interstellar Trade -> Three stylized "stars" with back-forth arrows connecting eachother in a circle, maybe something in the middle...
Environmetal Adaption -> stylized igloo?
Galactic Monetary Policy -> A semi-realistic and detailed, or heavily stylized spiral galaxy, various Earth currency symbols around it
Economic Fluidity -> A half-empty jar with another jar being poured into it from above, with trade or economics symbols
http://home.cogeco.ca/~toppingwebspace4/FO/fluidity.png
(replace $'s with FO-relevant symbol)
Planetary Colonialism -> One big central planet with about six smaller ones around it with arrows going from the smaller to the bigger
Economic Prescience -> Something similar to the Psionics symbol, but with economics symbols... maybe a market-economics-like arrow and some spectroscopy sine waves in the background
Stabilized Hypergrowth -> For some reason I think of a clock in the background... with a very sharp "growth" curve over top
http://home.cogeco.ca/~toppingwebspace4 ... karrow.png
Economic Hegemony -> An economics or trade symbol big up top, with lots of little things below that it's dominating... like an eye chart with the big E up top and all the smaller letters below, if they use the same style where you live (or go to the doctor anyway...)... but not letters... maybe people or planets are the little things below that are dominated by the big thing up top. The one up top could have some arrows coming out as well pointing over the top row of stuff below it...