The files in the planets directory, (e.g. default\art\planets\Inferno01.png) also have to have one or more entries in default\data\art\planets\planets.xml that use the file before it is used.
The planets.xml entries look like this:
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<RotatingPlanetData>
<planet_type>PT_INFERNO</planet_type>
<filename>planets/Inferno05.png</filename>
<RPM>3.0</RPM>
<axis_angle>19.0</axis_angle>
<shininess>0.0</shininess>
</RotatingPlanetData>
The <planet_type> refers to the FreeOrion-type of the planet. Just use one of the ones already in the file -- it should be pretty obvious which one is which.
<filename> is also pretty obvious.
<RPM> is the speed, in revolutions per minute, at which the planet will rotate in the SidePanel.
<axis_angle> is the tilt of the planet in degrees (the earth has a 23-degree tilt).
<shininess> is how much the light that strikes the planet's surface is relfected back as a mirror-like/specular reflection.